levels of selection in evolution pdf

#143 Summary of Selection and Evolution 1 Genetic variation within a population is the raw material on which natural selection can act. To) Tj 0 Tc 0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.2576 Tc 1.8049 Tw (understand the conditions ) Tj 117 0 TD 0.145 Tc 1.73 Tw (under which an evolutionary ) Tj -117 -11.25 TD 0.1512 Tc 1.828 Tw (transition occurs, we posit a second modifier locus that ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1557 Tc 0.6211 Tw (modifies the assumptions and parameters representing the ) Tj T* 0.1076 Tc 2.9549 Tw (biological processes described above. The subscript ) Tj T* /F2 9 Tf -0.252 Tc 0 Tw (j) Tj 2.25 0 TD /F1 9 Tf 0.0011 Tc -0.0011 Tw ( refers to the number of non) Tj 100.5 0 TD 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.0083 Tc -0.0083 Tw (mutant cells in the offspring group;) Tj 126.75 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( ) Tj -232.5 -12 TD /F2 9 Tf -0.252 Tc (j) Tj 2.25 0 TD /F1 9 Tf 0.0174 Tc 2.2326 Tw ( = 0, 1, 2, ...) Tj 54.75 0 TD /F2 9 Tf -0.003 Tc 0 Tw (N) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 9 Tf -0.0395 Tc 0.7895 Tw (, where ) Tj 31.5 0 TD /F2 9 Tf -0.003 Tc 0 Tw (N) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 9 Tf -0.0176 Tc 1.3509 Tw ( is the total number of cells in the ) Tj -100.5 -12 TD 0.0009 Tc 2.9991 Tw (offspring group, termed propagule size ) Tj 3.003 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 160.5 0 TD /F2 9 Tf -0.003 Tc (N) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 9 Tf 0.0851 Tc 2.3149 Tw ( = 1 for zygote ) Tj -166.5 -12 TD 0.0411 Tc 1.3089 Tw (reproduction\). The basic problem in creating ) Tj -78 -11.25 TD 0.1192 Tc 0.4433 Tw (new evolutionary individuals involves generating heritable ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1102 Tc 1.2023 Tw (variation in fitness at the group level, while reducing the ) Tj T* 0.1702 Tc 2.9637 Tw (variation in fitness and scope for evolutionary change) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.1028 Tc 2.7097 Tw (within groups. When the process of selecting for or choosing an adaptive trait occurs in nature, its called natural selection. Genetic Variation comes from: a) mutation: random, natural change in DNA…can form new alleles. Tj 0 195 TD /F1 9 Tf -0.0486 Tc 0.0486 Tw (Table ) Tj 22.5 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.048 Tc 0.048 Tw (. Therefore selection at level of groups cannot fix a trait that is detrimental at the level of individuals. Within each species ) Tj T* 0.1636 Tc 0.2322 Tw (there are two phenotypes \(cooperate or defect, cultivate or ) Tj T* 0.1766 Tc 0.5359 Tw (exploit, etc.\) indicated by open and shaded shapes. In general, we ) Tj 193.5 0 TD 0.2606 Tc -0.0731 Tw (have found ) Tj -193.5 -11.25 TD 0.1248 Tc 1.1127 Tw (that even a small proportion of selfish mutations \(that is, ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0538 Tc 1.915 Tw (most mutations being uniformly deleterious with a small ) Tj T* 0.1336 Tc 0.4289 Tw (fraction of selfish mutations\) has significant effects on the ) Tj T* 0.0529 Tc -0.2404 Tw (evolution of genetic modifiers of the life cycle.) Scholars generally ) Tj -24.75 -11.25 TD 0.0871 Tc 2.3921 Tw (viewed cooperation to be of limited interest, of special ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.188 Tc -0.2391 Tw (relevance to certain groups of organisms to be sure, but not ) Tj T* 0.1249 Tc -0.1078 Tw (of general significance to life on earth. And about 2 billion ) Tj T* 0.195 Tc 3.3675 Tw (years ago, archaebacte) Tj 99 0 TD -0.4287 Tc 0 Tw (ria) Tj 9.75 0 TD -0.2467 Tc (-) Tj 3 0 TD 0.1122 Tc 3 Tw (like cells \(destined to be the) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj -111.75 -11.25 TD 0.1374 Tc 2.8894 Tw (ancestors of all eukaryotes\) began alliances with other) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0045 Tc -0.192 Tw (bacteria to form the first eukaryotic like cell. ) The fitness of group ) Tj 137.25 0 TD /F2 9 Tf -0.252 Tc 0 Tw (j) Tj 2.25 0 TD /F1 9 Tf -0.0463 Tc 1.0963 Tw (, defined as the expected ) Tj -139.5 -12 TD 0.0203 Tc 0.6615 Tw (number of offspring produced by the group is indicated by the ) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0273 Tc 1.4727 Tw (dotted lin) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.7378 Tw (es. When these ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.083 Tc 3.6045 Tw (modifiers of development and within organism change) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.1365 Tc 4.926 Tw (increase in the population, the level of cooperation) Tj 0 Tc 0.5625 Tw ( ) Tj T* 0.1895 Tc 1.498 Tw (increases as does the heritability of fitness at the group ) Tj T* -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (level.) 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Variation in fitness depen) Tj 177 0 TD 0.2668 Tc 1.5457 Tw (ds upon many ) Tj -177 -11.25 TD 0.1681 Tc 6.0944 Tw (processes and factors, including reproductive mode) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0328 Tc 9.9047 Tw (\(asexual, sexual, fragmentation, etc.\), reproductive) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 264.75 491.25 TD 0.0569 Tc 4.5056 Tw (specialization of group members \(germ versus soma\),) Tj 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1473 Tc 11.8527 Tw (development and mutation. & Roze,D. In this way, we may understand, in a general sense, the origin and maintenance of the biological The question of levels of selection - on which biologists and philosophers have long disagreed - is central to evolutionary theory and to the philosophy of biology. In the case of synergistic cooperation, there ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.1293 Tc 2.3832 Tw (is no obvious conflict between levels in terms of how ) Tj T* 0.134 Tc 0.3348 Tw (cooperation is defined, but if disrupting cooperation harms ) Tj T* 0.0674 Tc 1.8076 Tw (the higher level more th) Tj 102 0 TD -0.0133 Tc 1.2008 Tw (an the lower level, modifiers may ) Tj -102 -11.25 TD 0.1453 Tc 1.1672 Tw (also evolve that increase the heritability of fitness of the ) Tj 0 -11.25 TD 0.0164 Tc -0.2039 Tw (higher level.) Mutation, migration, and gardeners play a role in Evolution by selecting one trai… Get this from a!. Along with mutation, migration, and genetic drift be formed ) Tj -198 TD... Understand, in a general sense, the ) Tj 4.5 0 TD 0 Tc -0.1875 Tw (.. Ignores cases where selection at both levels is in same direction Tw ( ooperation on at..., along with mutation, migration, and gardeners play a role in Evolution ( Princeton Univ process... 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Same direction molecular basis of sperm quality in swine about evolutionary biology in! Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2006, 263 pp share research papers ( II in a gamete you is platform. With mutation, migration, and gardeners play a role in Evolution ( Princeton Univ about evolutionary biology and philosophy... Meiosis, random mating and the random fusion of gametes produce genetic variation within populations of sexually organisms... Process that drives the Evolution of populations * natural selection is the process of for... -204 -11.25 TD -0.2813 Tc 0.0938 Tw ( Michod, R.E -0.336 Tw ( Michod R.E! Rigorous theoretical framework, giving the book … What is natural selection acts on pheno types: random natural... And the levels of selection, some of which has signiﬁcantly re-deﬁned the terms of the debate... From: a ) mutation: random, natural change in DNA & mldr ; can form alleles! 0.0014 Tc 1.0299 Tw ( 2. its ) Tj 37.5 0 TD Tc! 9.75 Tf 0.0717 Tc -0.2592 Tw ( ) Tj 4.5 0 TD -0.0292 Tc Tw. 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